小汽车限行政策实践评述与反思

为解决小汽车保有量增加过快引发的交通相关问题,国内外许多城市开始实施限行政策。本文梳理总结了国内外城市限行政策的演化进程,发现尽管限行政策对缓解交通拥堵和改善空气污染有一定的作用,但不同城市的限行措施和限行效果也各有差异,出行者的一些规避限行的行为可能会对限行政策的实施效果产生一定的影响。     

机动车尾气排放中的气态污染物与金属氧化物之间的反应机制研究

硝酸盐和硫酸盐是大气细颗粒物中的重要组成部分,以往研究发现机动车尾气排放的气态污染物(NOX、SO2)对大气颗粒物的生成有一定的贡献,但忽视了机动车排放的金属氧化物对硝酸盐和硫酸盐生成的促进作用,因此本文对机动车排放的气态污染物与金属氧化物(MgO、MnO2、Al2O3、ZnO、CuO和Cr2O3)之间的反应原理进行了分析.研究表明,在不同混合气体条件下,NOX、SO2与上述不同金属氧化物反应生成的物种(硝酸盐、硫酸盐)促进了大气颗粒物的生成.同时,从金属氧化物表面物种的生成反应来看,各金属氧化物的非均相反应能力存在差异,且Cr2O3非均相反应较强烈.通过研究,丰富了机动车排放的颗粒物组分对硝酸盐、硫酸盐物种的形成机制的探讨.     

新机场管廊基坑邻近高速桥梁基础施工技术研究

新机场高速公路地下综合管廊大部分结构距在建新机场高速公路桥梁较近,基坑开挖过程易导致高速公路桥梁承台及桩侧土体外露,进而导致桥梁基础产生水平变位、不均匀沉降等现象,对高速公路后期运营产生极大的安全隐患。通过3组试验确定最优注浆参数,在管廊基坑开挖过程中对既有高速桥梁基础附近土体进行注浆加固,效果良好;通过对开挖过程中基坑、桥梁基础变形监测数据进行对比分析,对管廊基坑邻近桥梁基础开挖防护施工技术进行总结,为以后同类工程提供借鉴。     

Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

无碴轨道无绝缘轨道电路传输性能研究

无碴轨道谐振式无绝缘轨道电路传输距离的缩短,影响了列车的行车安全,大大限制了我国无碴轨道结构的发展.通过分析无碴轨道无绝缘轨道电路传输距离缩短的原因,发现如果无碴轨道结构内部的钢筋采取一定的绝缘措施能够提高轨道电路的传输距离.试验验证采用合理的绝缘措施可使无碴轨道满足ZPW-2000无绝缘轨道电路传输距离1 600m的要求.     

气象信息在船舶管理中的应用

从船舶航行安全、可靠性角度考虑，一个重要的影响因素是航行船舶所在海域的气象状况，因此气象信息对于船舶调度管理起到非常积极重要的作用。如何获取气象信息，并把获取的气象信息融合到电子海图显示平台中，对于航行船舶的监控和管理显得十分有意义。针对如何获取气象信息及如何与电子海图叠加显示两方面的内容进行了论述。     

京津城际(80.6+128+80.6)m预应力连续梁设计

京津城际轨道交通工程北京环线特大桥跨五环路主桥为双线铁路桥,跨越北京五环路主路及辅路,五环路两侧管线密布,为满足五环路通车要求,本桥采用(80+128+80)m预应力混凝土连续梁跨越,全联长290.9m;本梁采用变截面箱梁,三向预应力体系,采用挂篮悬臂灌筑施工。连续梁具有整体性好、刚度大、梁缝少、变形小、轨道平顺度高等优点,有利于高速行车,是非常适合于客运专线的一种桥梁结构型式。该桥是京津城际轨道交通工程中跨度最大的预应力混凝土连续梁。针对该桥梁部的结构设计技术问题以及设计概况进行简要介绍。     

高职院校学生教育管理工作的思考

近几年来,我国高等职业教育迅速发展,但对于如何搞好高职院校学生教育管理工作还有不少问题处在探索和研究阶段。本文根据目前我国高职院校学生的现状及特点,结合本人在高职院校从事学生教育管理工作的体会,提出了对高职院校学生教育管理工作的几点看法。     

Transit assignment under crowded conditions

This paper presents a transit assignment algorithm for crowded networks. Both congestion in vehicles and queuing at stations are explicitly taken into account in predicting passenger flows for a fixed pattern of origin-destination trip demands. The overflow effects due to insufficient capacity of transit lines are considered to be concentrated at transit stations, while the in-vehicle congestion effects (or discomforts) are considered to be dependent on in-vehicle passenger volume. Overflow delay at a transit station is dependent on the number of excess passengers required to wait for the next transit car. We use a logit model to determine the split between passengers that chose to wait for the next transit car and passengers that chose to board on the alternative transit lines. The proposed algorithm predicts how passenger will choose their optimal routes under both queuing and crowded conditions.     

加入WTO对中国国际集装箱运输的影响

作为现代国际货物运输主要载体的国际集装箱,以其优势成为现代货物运输的主要发展方向.加入WTO后的中国将进一步扩大对外商品交流,这需要运输系统强有力的支持.因此,研究分析入世对中国国际集装箱运输的影响,探讨其应对措施,对于中国对外贸易竞争力的提高有着深远的战略意义和重要的现实意义.